The Ethno-Genetic Ancestry of European Americans (🇺🇸 🇪🇺)

European or White Americans are the largest ethno-racial group in the United States, making around 60% of the current population of the country.

The first White settlers were the Spanish in Florida, followed by British & Dutch colonies in the East Coast & Appalachia, then, French colonies in the Midwest, Louisiana, & the Dakotas, than the Russians in Alaska & Fort Ross (near Sonoma County, California, as well as the Swedish colonies that in parts of the East Coast.

The Swedish Colony of New Sweden was ceded to the Dutch, becoming part of New Netherland, which the whole Colony was ceded to the British & became known as the Thirteen Colonies, the Dutch & Swedish settlers remained after the British takeover, which the colonies also received French Huguenots, Germans (which became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch), & Scots (after the Act of Union which united England & Scotland into one Kingdom), as well as the Welsh, in addition to the English settlers, along with a small minority of Irishmen (who many came as Indentured Servants, while others were part of the small minority of Catholic colonists who settled in Maryland).

After the American Revolution, which resulted in the Independence of the newly-created United States of America from the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the U.S. began to expand its national borders, from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 (which France sold Louisiana to the United States), which was shortly after Spain returned Louisiana to France, then the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 (which Spain ceded Florida to the United States), to the Texas Annexation in 1845 (after nearly 10 years after the Anglo settlers & Tejanos joined to secede from Mexico), which led to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, which resulted in Mexico ceding all of its National Frontier to the United States, which included New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, & parts of Kansas, Wyoming, Oklahoma, & Colorado, known as the Mexican Cession, along with the Gadsen Purchase, which the United States purchased Southern Arizona from Mexico, which both the Mexican Cession & the Gadasen Purchase happened in the 1840s, after the Annexation of Texas, then Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire, then the Annexation of Hawaii in 1898.

The groups found to be now part of the United States after expanding its borders were the Cajuns (French-Canadian Creoles), Creoles of Color (of mixed Cajun French & African-American roots), & the Islenos (Canary Islanders) of Louisiana, the Floridanos (the remaining original Spanish settlers of Florida, despite the vast majority of them fled to Cuba, both after the British takeover & the American annexation) & Minorcans (Spanish Minorcans brought to Florida under British rule) of Florida, the Hispanos of the Southwest (which include the Californios, the Hispanos of New Mexico, & the Tejanos, which are the descendants of mainly Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos & Mestizos), along with smaller minorities of Spanish Peninsulares, Canary Islanders, Indigenous Mexicans, Afro-Mexicans, & few other Hispanic peoples), then the Alaskan Creoles of Alaska (of mixed Russian & Alaskan Native ancestry).

From 1820 to 1978, in a total of 34,318,000 European immigrants arrived to the shores of the United States, originating from.

- Germany (6,978,000)

- Italy (5,294,000)

- Great Britain (4,898,000)

- Ireland (4,723,000)

- Austria-Hungary (4,315,000)

- Russian Empire (3,374,000)

- Sweden (1,272,000)

- Norway (856,000)

- France (751,000)

- Greece (655,000)

- Portugal (446,000)

- Denmark (364,000)

- Netherlands (359,000)

- Finland (33,000)

Also, the United States had a huge influx of French-Canadians (who arrived from Quebec between 1840 & 1930) & Cuban Criollos or Spanish-Cubans (who mainly arrived in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution)

Also, throughout history, the United States experienced immigration from Whites from other countries in the Anglosphere, besides the United States & Great Britain (the vast majority of them coming from Canada), as well as a minority of Mexican Criollo or Spanish-Mexican immigrants (mainly found in California, & a good chunk of them are from the Highlands of Jalisco, but many come from other regions in Mexico, as well).

According to the 2020 Census, the most common self-reported Ethno-Ancestral Groups for White Americans are.

- British (54.92 million), including English (24.4 million), American (22 million), Scottish (5.46 million), & Scots-Irish (3.06 million)

- German (45.9 million)

- Irish (33.1 million)

- Italian (17.2 million)

- French (10.23 million), including French-Canadian (2.08 million)

- Polish (9.34 million)

- Scandinavian (8.36 million), including Norwegian (4.45 million) & Swedish (3.91 million)

- Dutch (4.21 million)

- Russian (2.80 million)

According to 23andMe & AncestryDNA results on Reddit, the most common European ethno-ancestries for White Americans are Irish, German, British, Italian, Scandinavian, & French, while lesser common ancestries include Czechslovakian, Russian, Polish, Ashkenazi Jewish, Portuguese, Dutch, & Yugsloavian, while Spanish (mainly Canary Islander) is more common among White Americans from Louisiana (mainly the Cajun & Isleno populations) & the vast majority of Cuban-Americans (mostly concentrated in Florida), as well as White Americans with Latin American ancestry.

The Genetic Ancestry of African-Americans

African-Americans are an ethno-racial group that includes Americans descended from African slaves brought to what is now the United States, they include sub-groups such as the Gullah, Americo-Liberians, the Creoles of Louisiana, the Black Seminoles, & the Black Nova Scotians.

The Sub-Saharan African ancestry in African-Americans is predominantly West African (including Nigerian, Senegambian/Guinean, & Ghanaian/Liberian/Sierra Leonean, with some Bantu (Congolese & Southeastern African, including Angolan), African-Americans tend to be around slightly over half Sub-Saharan African to over 90% Sub-Saharan African, with the average African-American being 7/8 (around 85%) Sub-Saharan African.

The European ancestry in African-Americans tends to be Northwestern European (mainly English/Scottish, but sometimes French, Dutch, or Irish), African-Americans tend to be 1/32 to almost half European, with the average being around 1/8 European.

Many African Americans also have Native American ancestry, with the average being around 1/64 or slightly less, some of it comes from distant Mestizo ancestry or from local tribes from the US (with some of it being from Native American slave owners).

Many African-Americans also have a small percentage of Southeastern Asian (mainly Filipino/Austronesian), coming mainly from Malagasy slaves.

African-Americans are on average 85% Sub-Saharan African, 14% European, & 1% Native American.

The Ethnic Ancestry of the Californios (🇺🇸 🇲🇽)

The Californios are the descendants of Spanish & Mexican colonists who settled in present-day California during the Spanish & Mexican eras, prior to to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.

Today, Historians & Genealogists have estimated that there are 300,000 to 500,000 descendants of Californios, after the war & the Mexican Cession (the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo), over 95% of the Californios remained in California, now as American citizens with full civil rights, so they didn't cross the border, the border crossed them, in other words, the United States came to them.

Today, very few Californios are full-blooded descendants of the original settlers, today are very heavily mixed with Non-Hispanic White, Local Native American tribes, & more recent Mexican immigrants (or a mix of two or three of these ancestries).

But what are the ancestral Origins of the original Californios?

Well, I've traced the family trees of several famous Californios (including a few who I'm distantly related to), as well as extensive online research & here's what I found.

The Pobladores of Los Angeles consisted of:

- Four American Indians (one from Jalisco, two from Sinaloa, & one from Durango)

- Two Spaniards (one Criollo from Chihuahua & one Peninsular from Andalusia)

- Two Mulattoes (from Nayarit & Sinaloa)

- Two Blacks (from Sinaloa & Jalisco)

- One Mestizo (from Sinaloa).

so most of the settlers were from Sinaloa, & of diverse Origins.

However in the 1790 Census, the population of the small Pueblo has changed.

- sixty-eight Spaniards (Criollos mostly from Sinaloa, as well as few from Chihuahua, Puebla, Mexico City, & Baja California, & one Peninsular from Catalonia

- fifty-three Mestizos (mostly from Sinaloa, as well as few from Jalisco, Baja California, & Sonora).

- seventeen Mulattoes (from Sinaloa, Jalisco, Nayarit, & Durango).

- seven American Indians (mostly from Jalisco, with few from Sonora & Chihuahua).

- seven Coyotes (mostly from Jalisco & Sinaloa, also few from Sonora & Durango).

According to FamilySearch Genealogical Trees & some other sources, the vast majority of the Californios descended from Mexican settlers from Sinaloa, Sonora, the Baja California Peninsula, Jalisco, & Mexico City, with only very few coming directly from Spain, & very fewer coming from other Spanish colonies (such as New Mexico & Peru), only the priests & some soldiers were Spanish Peninsulares, & the Peninsular settlers all married into Mexican settler families, during the Spanish & early Mexican eras, & over 99% of them were men.

Of the Mexican settlers, they were a mix of Criollos, Mestizos, & Mulattoes, with few American Indians, Blacks, & Coyotes (a mix of Mestizo & American Indian).

Of the Ethno-Genealogical origins of many famous Californios, here's what I found.

- William Gaxton descended from Mexican settlers from Sinaloa, the Baja California Peninsula, & Tlaxcala

- Myrtle Gonzalez descended from Mexican settlers from the Baja California Peninsula, as well as a Portuguese settler from Lisbon.

- Leo Carrillo descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Durango, the Baja California Peninsula, Sinaloa, Morelos, as well as a Peruvian Criollo settler & a Spanish Peninsular settler from Andalusia (Malaga)

- the Pico Brothers (Pio & Andres) were the children of Mexican settlers (Mestizos & Mulattoes) from Sinaloa & Sonora.

- of the Catholic clergy, Fermin de Lausen (from the Basque Country), Juan Crespi (from Mallorca), & Junipero Serra (also from Mallorca) were Spanish Peninsulares, while Jose Gonzalez Rubio was a Mexican Criollo from Guadalajara (Jalisco).

- of the soldiers, José de la Guerra y Noriega (from Cantarbia) & Jose Maria Estudillo (from Malaga, Andalusia) were both Spanish Peninsulares, & both married Mexican Criollas (Estudillo's wife was from Morelos & Noreiga's wife was born in Los Angeles to parents from Sinaloa & Baja California Sur.

- Another soldier, Agustín V. Zamorano was a Floridano settler who settled in Alta California, who was born in La Florida (St. Augustine) to a Cuban Criolla mother from Havana & a Spanish Peninsular father from Castile & Leon, & his wife was descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Queretaro, Sonora & the Baja California Peninsula.

- Jose Figueroa (who was a governor of Alta California during Mexican rule) was from Guanajuato, & was a Mestizo of Spanish & Aztec ancestry, & his wife was also from Guanajuato, as well as his children.

- Modesta Avila descended from Mexican Criollo settlers from Sinaloa & Baja California, as well as a Native American (her paternal grandmother), likely from the Tongva tribe, making her a Castiza.

- Romualdo Pacheco descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos, along with some Mulattoes) from Guanajuato, Sinaloa, & the Baja California Peninsula.

- Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Los Altos de Jalisco (where his father was from) & Sinaloa (where his maternal grandparents were from), he was my 5th cousin, six times removed.

- Juan Bautista Alvarado was descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Los Altos de Jalisco, Sinaloa, & the Baja California Peninsula, he was my 6th cousin, five times removed.

- Salvio Pacheco was born in Monterey to Mexican settlers from Sonora & Baja California Sur.

- Bernardo Yorba was born in San Diego to a Spanish Peninsular father from Barcelona & a Mexican Criolla mother from Sonora.

- Manuel Dominguez was born to Mexican Criollo settlers from Chihuahua & Baja California Sur.

- Ygancio de Valle was born in Jalisco & immigrated to Alta California in the 1810s.

- Antonio F. Coronel & Augustin Olvera were both born in Mexico City & immigrated to Alta California (Los Angeles) in the 1830s, as a colonist in the Hijar-Padres Colony.

So the Californios descended from Mexicans, not Spanish Peninsulares, despite popular beliefs that Californios are mainly descendants of Spanish Peninsulares, which was very popularized by the fictional character Zorro, & contrary to popular belief, the Californios were very racially diverse.