Understanding Paternal & Maternal lines

Males receive a Y-Chromosome from their father & a X chromosome from their mother, Females receive two X chromosomes from their mother & father, so in other words, if a human being gets a Y-chromosome (an XY) from their father, they are male, & if they get a X chromosome (XX) from their father, then they are female, so the father determines what sex or biological gender the offspring or child will be.

All humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, 22 autosomes from their father, & another 22 autosomes from their mother, plus a Y & X (from father & mother), making them male, or two XX chromosomes (from both parents), making them female.

Now, that we covered chromosomes, what about Haplogroups, well in this context, we are speaking from strictly paternal & maternal lines, a haplogroup is a genetic line that connects an person with common ancestors.

As for males, they will inherit a Y-chromosome haplogroup from their father & a MtDNA haplogroup from their mother, but females will only inherit the MtDNA haplogroup from their mother, which is why females when they test with a commercial Genetic Genealogy company like 23andMe, they will show that they don't have a paternal or Y-chromosome haplogroup (unless her father or full/half paternal brother or even paternal grandfather were to test, then it would show up on the results).

So in more simple words, my paternal line is my father, my paternal grandfather, his father, & so on, & my maternal line is my mother, my maternal grandmother, her mother, & so on, with my fiancee is her mother, maternal grandmother, & so on.

So, if my fiancee & I were to have a child someday, their paternal line would be I, my father, my paternal grandfather, & so on, & their maternal line would be my fiancee, her mother, her maternal grandmother, & so on, if we were to have a son, & he had a child, then his paternal line would remain the same as my son & I (my son, I, my father, my paternal grandfather, & so on), but my grandchild's maternal line will not be the same as my fiancee, as it would actually be their mother's maternal line (so my grandchild, their mother, their maternal grandmother, & so on), but if my fiancee & I were to have a daughter, & she would have a child, then my grandchild will still have the same maternal line as my fiancee, (my grandchild, their mother, my fiancee, my fiancee's mother, my fiancee's maternal grandmother, & so on), & my grandchild's paternal line will be their father's, paternal grandfather, & so on, & if that grandchild has a daughter, that maternal line will pass on to that child, & the paternal line will change once gain, being their father, their paternal grandfather, & so on.

If my sister & her boyfriend were to have a child in the future, their child (my niece or nephew) will inherit the same maternal line as my sister (being my sister, my mother, my maternal grandmother, & so on), & if they had a daughter, & my niece had a daughter, the maternal line will continue the same, but the paternal line will change, being their father, their paternal grandfather, & so on.

So, the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup (or paternal haplogroup) passes from males directly to all of their male descendants, & the MtDNA Haplogroup (or maternal haplogroup) passes from females to all of their female descendants, as well as their male sons.

So, to figure out finding out Biogeographical ancestry (race & ethnicity) & genetically-inherited Health conditions, the best way to find out is using Autosomal DNA, because you are looking at your entire lineage, not just strictly paternal or maternal lines, so by using an Autosomal DNA, I can looking at my maternal grandfather & paternal grandmother's entire lineage, of course, it would be hard to figure out what their haplogroups are, unless they wanted to test, but you can still see what you inherited from them, such as your biogeographic ancestry & genetic health conditions.

The Ethnic Origins of White Americans

A few months ago, I published a study on this blog about the Ethno-Ancestral origins of White or European Americans, doing research from Reddit (23andMe & AncestryDNA results), Wikipedia, & other sources.

Over the past month, I been working on another study, once again focusing on the Ethnic Origins of White Americans, using AncestryDNA & 23andMe results from Reddit & Facebook, I've counted the amount of ethnic ancestry among Whites from the United States as I've been working on my study, & the other day, I finally calculated the percentages & finished my study, & here's what I've concluded.

• 31.85% British (English, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Manx, & Scots-Irish)
• 21.14% German
• 14.68% Irish
• 6.74% Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, & Danish)
• 6.46% Italian
• 6.46% French
• 4.80% Jewish (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Italkim, & Mizrahi)
• 4.43% Spanish/Spaniard (mainly via Latin America, as well as Cajuns/Islenos from Louisiana & Colonial Hispanos from the Southwest).
• 2.30% Dutch
• 2.12% Swiss
• 2.03% Polish
• 1.75% Portuguese
• 1.29% Finnish
• 0.83% Belgian
• 0.64% Russian
• 0.64% Belarusian
• 0.55% Greek
• 0.55% Austrian
• 0.46% Czech
• 0.27% Basque
• 0.27% Ukrainian
• 0.18% Turkish
• 0.18% Hungarian
• 0.18% Lebanese
• 0.09% Rusyn
• 0.09% Slovak
• 0.09% Bulgarian
• 0.09% Romanian

So as you can see, the majority of White Americans are of British, German, & Irish origins, with significant percentages having Italian, Scandinavian, French, Jewish, Dutch, Polish, Swiss, Portuguese, Finnish, with smaller percentages of other West Eurasian ethnic groups.

As for those with Spanish or Spaniard ancestry, the vast majority of them are White Americans with Latin American ancestry (those mixed Hispanic & Non-Hispanic White) or Cuban-Americans (as the vast majority of the Cuban-American population is over 90% European Spanish aka Criollo), with some also being Islenos & Cajuns from Louisiana, & a smaller number being Criollos from other Latin American countries (such as from Mexico & Argentina), only a tiny number are directly from Spain (other than the White Americans from Louisiana), as Spanish immigration to the United States has always been very low, both historically & recently, as Spaniards have prefered Latin America & other countries of the European Union to immigrate for very obvious reasons.

However, most of the White American population are of various European ethnic origins, so most of the results of White Americans I've collected for this study are of mixed European ethnic origins.

All credit goes to Reddit, Facebook, & the owners of the DNA results, as well as 23andMe & AncestryDNA.

The Genetic Ancestry of the Colonial Hispanos of the Southwestern United States

On this article of the day, I will be talking about the Colonial Hispanos of Texas & New Mexico, I will not be including Californios (as they are heavily mixed with Non-Hispanic Whites, more recent Mexican immigrants, or more recent tribal Native American admixture, or all three at this point), & I will not be including the Islenos of Louisiana or the Minorcans of Florida (as there isn't enough DNA tests or Genetic Studies on them), so I did an analysis on the Colonial Hispano populations of New Mexico & Texas, using Wikipedia & DNA results on Reddit, as well as FamilySearch trees, Here's the conclusion to both of these Colonial Hispano Populations in the Southwestern United States.

• Tejanos are on average a balanced admixture (around half & half) of Spanish & Native American (mainly Coahuiltecans), with smaller amounts of Sephardic Jewish (1/64 to 1/16 on average) & Afro-Mexican (1/32 or 1/16 on average), the Hispanic settlers of Texas were mainly Mexicans (mainly Criollos/Whites & Mestizos), with a smaller amount of Canary Islanders.
• New Mexican Hispanos (also known as Nuevomexicanos, Neomexicanos, or simply New Mexicans) are on average 2/3 Spanish & 1/3 Native American (mainly Pueblos, Navajos, & Apaches, but also Comanches, Utes, & Indigenous Mexicans), with smaller amounts of Sephardic Jewish (1/32 or 1/16 on average) & Afro-Mexican (1/32 on average), the Hispanic settlers of New Mexico were mainly Mexicans (mainly Criollos/Whites & Mestizos), with a significant amount of Spanish Peninsulares.

The Average Admixture of my more recent Criollo & Indigenous Mexican (AncestryDNA) matches

 

On my AncestryDNA most recent matches, I have two Indigenous Mexican matches & thirty-four Criollo (Spanish-Mexican) matches, over the past several weeks.

- Of my Indigenous Mexican matches, I have one on my paternal side & another one on my maternal side, both of them are around 7/8 Native American & 1/8 Spanish, with the one on my maternal side being also 1/64 Sub-Saharan African & 1/64 Jewish (likely Sephardic).

- of my Criollo matches (New Worlders of predominantly or fully Spanish ancestry), seven of them are from my maternal side, & the rest are either unassigned or from my paternal side, the vast majority of them have origins to Aguascalientes or Eastern Jalisco (likely most of them have origins in Los Altos de Jalisco or the Highlands of Jalisco), with three of them having origins from Jalisco, Colima, or Michoacán (likely Michoacán in their cases), six are mixed with Non-Hispanic White (mainly Anglo-American & Scandinavian), with one being fully Anglo-American, & one being fully Portuguese, one being 99% Spanish (along with 1/64 Sub-Saharan African, & the rest being fully Mexican Criollo, of the Criollo matches, they range from 1/5 to 1/16 Native American (with the average being around 1/8 Native American), with many having smaller amounts of Sephardic Jewish, & few having smaller amounts of Sub-Saharan African (usually around 1/64) & French.

The Genetic Ancestry of the Chamorro

 

The Chamorro are the Indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands (including both Guam & the Northern Mariana Islands), Guam & the Northern Mariana Islands are both inhabited unincorporated territories of the United States.

According to 23andMe results on Reddit & some online genetic studies, the Chamorro are mainly Austronesian (both Indigenous Chamorro & usually some Filipino ancestry as well), with some Mexican Mestizo admixture (mainly Spaniard & Indigenous Mexican), with smaller amounts of South Asian (Indian) & Chinese.

Most of the "Spanish" settlers in the Mariana Islands were actually Mexican Mestizo settlers, who had both Spanish & Indigenous Mexican ancestry, the average Mexican Mestizo admixture among the Chamorro ranges from 1/4 to 1/16 of their ancestry.

The Indian & Chinese admixture among the Chamorro is usually around 1/64 of their ancestry.

The Ethno-Ancestral Roots of Vice President Kamala Harris.

The Vice President of the United States & the Democratic candidate for the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election is the 1st woman, 1st South Asian, 1st Black, & second person of color (after Charles Curtis, who was 5/8 White & 3/8 American Indian) vice president.

Her mother was a Tamil immigrant from Madras, India, & her father was a Jamaican immigrant from the St. Ann's Parish in Jamaica.

Despite her father self-identifying as Afro-Jamaican, Her father is actually 25% Irish, 18.75% Scottish, & 56.25% Afro-Jamaican (including 3.125% Igbo).

The paternal grandmother of Vice President Harris was 3/4 Afro-Jamaican & 1/4 Irish, her grandmother's paternal grandfather was Patrick Finnegan, who was from County Galaway.

The paternal grandfather of Vice President Harris was 3/8 Scottish, 1/4 Irish, & 3/8 Afro-Jamaican (including 1/8 Igbo, as well as free people of color), her grandfather's paternal grandmother was born in Jamaica to two Scottish immigrant parents from Fife, & her grandfather also had another Scottish great-grandmother (the mother of the paternal grandfather of her paternal grandfather), her paternal grandfather was the the great-grandson of a Irish plantation owner who fathered both the mother & father of her paternal grandfather's mother, the Irish plantation owner was from County Antrim, & his name was Hamilton Brown, & he fathered a son with a Igbo slave who was actually born in Ireland but was brought to Jamaica when slavery was banned in Great Britain, that son married his paternal half sister & had the great-grandmother of Vice President Harris.

So, the Ethnic Ancestry of Vice President Kamala Harris is approximately.

- 50% Tamil

- 28.125% Afro-Jamaican (including 1.5625% Igbo)

- 12.5% Irish

- 9.375% Scottish

The Original White settlers of the Mattole Valley

The Mattole Valley was settled by White settlers in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War, like the rest of Northwestern California, the region was never settled by Spanish or Mexican settlers, despite Spain, & later Mexico claiming the land for their respective nations, it wasn't recognized as such, & only the Spanish landed in Cape Mendocino in the 1500s, naming it Cabo Mendocino (after Antonio de Mendoza, the 1st viceroy of New Spain), while it's likely that many Filipinos & Mexicans (Criollos, Mestizos, & Indigenous Mexicans) accompanied the Spanish, as it was Part of the Manila Galleons on their way to Acapulco, they never settled this region.

The true form of Settler Colonialism of the Mattole Valley began in the 1850s, in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War.

Most of the White Settlers were Old-Stock Americans of mainly British (especially English & Scottish) descent, with some also having Irish, Pennsylvania Dutch (German), French Huguenot, Tuscan Italian, & Dutch heritage as well.

Most of the White American settlers came from other regions of the United States such as the Midwest, the South, the Northeast, & Oregon.

Some were also immigrants from Canada (mainly Anglo-Canadians), Germany, Ireland, & Great Britain.

The Origins of the White Settlers of Northwestern California

Humboldt & Del Norte Counties was settled by settlers of European descent, shortly after the end of the Mexican-American War, which Mexico ceded all of California to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, despite Spain & Mexico both claimed Northwestern California, including a landing by the Manila Gaileons, near Cape Mendocino in the 1500s, & another landing by the Spanish in Trinidad in the 1700s, neither Spain or Mexico enforced their claim in the region, & Humboldt County didn't experience any form of Settler colonialism until the 1850s.

The White Settlers in Northwestern California came from different parts of the United States, mainly the Northeast & the Midwest, as well as European Canadian settlers (mainly from Eastern Canada, especially from Nova Scotia & New Brunswick), as well as from Germany, Ireland, Great Britain, Scandinavia, & Australia, the ancestries of the American, Canadian, & Australian settlers were mainly of British and/or Irish descent.

Later settlers (from 1900 to 1960), came from Portugal (many coming from the Azores), Italy (including many Swiss-Italians), Scandinavia (including many Swedish, Finnish, & Norwegians, along with some Danish), as well as more White settlers from Canada, different parts of the United States (also from the Midwest & Northeast, but with many coming also from the South, as well as from Washington & Oregon), & more settlers from Germany, Great Britain, & Ireland, some of the Portuguese, Italian, & German settlers also came from Brazil & Argentina.

More recent White settlers (post-1960), have included mostly White Americans, from all over the United States, including many from other parts of California, with fewer from Canada, Portugal, Britain, Ireland, & Germany, as well as very recent immigrants from Bulgaria, as well as Mexican Criollo immigrants (mainly from Michoacan, with fewer coming from Mexico City, Jalisco, Sonora, Sinaloa, & Zacatecas), with a minority of European Argentines (mainly of Spanish & Italian descent), as well as recent immigrants from Europe (mainly from Eastern Europe), however most of the newer & more recent White settlers are now White American transplants from other parts of the United States.

The Ethno-National Ancestries of the White population of Northwestern California is mainly British, Irish, & German, with many having ancestry from many different ethno-national groups throughout Europe.

The Ethno-Genetic Ancestry of European Americans (🇺🇸 🇪🇺)

European or White Americans are the largest ethno-racial group in the United States, making around 60% of the current population of the country.

The first White settlers were the Spanish in Florida, followed by British & Dutch colonies in the East Coast & Appalachia, then, French colonies in the Midwest, Louisiana, & the Dakotas, than the Russians in Alaska & Fort Ross (near Sonoma County, California, as well as the Swedish colonies that in parts of the East Coast.

The Swedish Colony of New Sweden was ceded to the Dutch, becoming part of New Netherland, which the whole Colony was ceded to the British & became known as the Thirteen Colonies, the Dutch & Swedish settlers remained after the British takeover, which the colonies also received French Huguenots, Germans (which became known as the Pennsylvania Dutch), & Scots (after the Act of Union which united England & Scotland into one Kingdom), as well as the Welsh, in addition to the English settlers, along with a small minority of Irishmen (who many came as Indentured Servants, while others were part of the small minority of Catholic colonists who settled in Maryland).

After the American Revolution, which resulted in the Independence of the newly-created United States of America from the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the U.S. began to expand its national borders, from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 (which France sold Louisiana to the United States), which was shortly after Spain returned Louisiana to France, then the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 (which Spain ceded Florida to the United States), to the Texas Annexation in 1845 (after nearly 10 years after the Anglo settlers & Tejanos joined to secede from Mexico), which led to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, which resulted in Mexico ceding all of its National Frontier to the United States, which included New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, & parts of Kansas, Wyoming, Oklahoma, & Colorado, known as the Mexican Cession, along with the Gadsen Purchase, which the United States purchased Southern Arizona from Mexico, which both the Mexican Cession & the Gadasen Purchase happened in the 1840s, after the Annexation of Texas, then Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire, then the Annexation of Hawaii in 1898.

The groups found to be now part of the United States after expanding its borders were the Cajuns (French-Canadian Creoles), Creoles of Color (of mixed Cajun French & African-American roots), & the Islenos (Canary Islanders) of Louisiana, the Floridanos (the remaining original Spanish settlers of Florida, despite the vast majority of them fled to Cuba, both after the British takeover & the American annexation) & Minorcans (Spanish Minorcans brought to Florida under British rule) of Florida, the Hispanos of the Southwest (which include the Californios, the Hispanos of New Mexico, & the Tejanos, which are the descendants of mainly Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos & Mestizos), along with smaller minorities of Spanish Peninsulares, Canary Islanders, Indigenous Mexicans, Afro-Mexicans, & few other Hispanic peoples), then the Alaskan Creoles of Alaska (of mixed Russian & Alaskan Native ancestry).

From 1820 to 1978, in a total of 34,318,000 European immigrants arrived to the shores of the United States, originating from.

- Germany (6,978,000)

- Italy (5,294,000)

- Great Britain (4,898,000)

- Ireland (4,723,000)

- Austria-Hungary (4,315,000)

- Russian Empire (3,374,000)

- Sweden (1,272,000)

- Norway (856,000)

- France (751,000)

- Greece (655,000)

- Portugal (446,000)

- Denmark (364,000)

- Netherlands (359,000)

- Finland (33,000)

Also, the United States had a huge influx of French-Canadians (who arrived from Quebec between 1840 & 1930) & Cuban Criollos or Spanish-Cubans (who mainly arrived in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution)

Also, throughout history, the United States experienced immigration from Whites from other countries in the Anglosphere, besides the United States & Great Britain (the vast majority of them coming from Canada), as well as a minority of Mexican Criollo or Spanish-Mexican immigrants (mainly found in California, & a good chunk of them are from the Highlands of Jalisco, but many come from other regions in Mexico, as well).

According to the 2020 Census, the most common self-reported Ethno-Ancestral Groups for White Americans are.

- British (54.92 million), including English (24.4 million), American (22 million), Scottish (5.46 million), & Scots-Irish (3.06 million)

- German (45.9 million)

- Irish (33.1 million)

- Italian (17.2 million)

- French (10.23 million), including French-Canadian (2.08 million)

- Polish (9.34 million)

- Scandinavian (8.36 million), including Norwegian (4.45 million) & Swedish (3.91 million)

- Dutch (4.21 million)

- Russian (2.80 million)

According to 23andMe & AncestryDNA results on Reddit, the most common European ethno-ancestries for White Americans are Irish, German, British, Italian, Scandinavian, & French, while lesser common ancestries include Czechslovakian, Russian, Polish, Ashkenazi Jewish, Portuguese, Dutch, & Yugsloavian, while Spanish (mainly Canary Islander) is more common among White Americans from Louisiana (mainly the Cajun & Isleno populations) & the vast majority of Cuban-Americans (mostly concentrated in Florida), as well as White Americans with Latin American ancestry.

The Genetic Ancestry of African-Americans

African-Americans are an ethno-racial group that includes Americans descended from African slaves brought to what is now the United States, they include sub-groups such as the Gullah, Americo-Liberians, the Creoles of Louisiana, the Black Seminoles, & the Black Nova Scotians.

The Sub-Saharan African ancestry in African-Americans is predominantly West African (including Nigerian, Senegambian/Guinean, & Ghanaian/Liberian/Sierra Leonean, with some Bantu (Congolese & Southeastern African, including Angolan), African-Americans tend to be around slightly over half Sub-Saharan African to over 90% Sub-Saharan African, with the average African-American being 7/8 (around 85%) Sub-Saharan African.

The European ancestry in African-Americans tends to be Northwestern European (mainly English/Scottish, but sometimes French, Dutch, or Irish), African-Americans tend to be 1/32 to almost half European, with the average being around 1/8 European.

Many African Americans also have Native American ancestry, with the average being around 1/64 or slightly less, some of it comes from distant Mestizo ancestry or from local tribes from the US (with some of it being from Native American slave owners).

Many African-Americans also have a small percentage of Southeastern Asian (mainly Filipino/Austronesian), coming mainly from Malagasy slaves.

African-Americans are on average 85% Sub-Saharan African, 14% European, & 1% Native American.

The Ethnic Ancestry of the Californios (🇺🇸 🇲🇽)

The Californios are the descendants of Spanish & Mexican colonists who settled in present-day California during the Spanish & Mexican eras, prior to to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.

Today, Historians & Genealogists have estimated that there are 300,000 to 500,000 descendants of Californios, after the war & the Mexican Cession (the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo), over 95% of the Californios remained in California, now as American citizens with full civil rights, so they didn't cross the border, the border crossed them, in other words, the United States came to them.

Today, very few Californios are full-blooded descendants of the original settlers, today are very heavily mixed with Non-Hispanic White, Local Native American tribes, & more recent Mexican immigrants (or a mix of two or three of these ancestries).

But what are the ancestral Origins of the original Californios?

Well, I've traced the family trees of several famous Californios (including a few who I'm distantly related to), as well as extensive online research & here's what I found.

The Pobladores of Los Angeles consisted of:

- Four American Indians (one from Jalisco, two from Sinaloa, & one from Durango)

- Two Spaniards (one Criollo from Chihuahua & one Peninsular from Andalusia)

- Two Mulattoes (from Nayarit & Sinaloa)

- Two Blacks (from Sinaloa & Jalisco)

- One Mestizo (from Sinaloa).

so most of the settlers were from Sinaloa, & of diverse Origins.

However in the 1790 Census, the population of the small Pueblo has changed.

- sixty-eight Spaniards (Criollos mostly from Sinaloa, as well as few from Chihuahua, Puebla, Mexico City, & Baja California, & one Peninsular from Catalonia

- fifty-three Mestizos (mostly from Sinaloa, as well as few from Jalisco, Baja California, & Sonora).

- seventeen Mulattoes (from Sinaloa, Jalisco, Nayarit, & Durango).

- seven American Indians (mostly from Jalisco, with few from Sonora & Chihuahua).

- seven Coyotes (mostly from Jalisco & Sinaloa, also few from Sonora & Durango).

According to FamilySearch Genealogical Trees & some other sources, the vast majority of the Californios descended from Mexican settlers from Sinaloa, Sonora, the Baja California Peninsula, Jalisco, & Mexico City, with only very few coming directly from Spain, & very fewer coming from other Spanish colonies (such as New Mexico & Peru), only the priests & some soldiers were Spanish Peninsulares, & the Peninsular settlers all married into Mexican settler families, during the Spanish & early Mexican eras, & over 99% of them were men.

Of the Mexican settlers, they were a mix of Criollos, Mestizos, & Mulattoes, with few American Indians, Blacks, & Coyotes (a mix of Mestizo & American Indian).

Of the Ethno-Genealogical origins of many famous Californios, here's what I found.

- William Gaxton descended from Mexican settlers from Sinaloa, the Baja California Peninsula, & Tlaxcala

- Myrtle Gonzalez descended from Mexican settlers from the Baja California Peninsula, as well as a Portuguese settler from Lisbon.

- Leo Carrillo descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Durango, the Baja California Peninsula, Sinaloa, Morelos, as well as a Peruvian Criollo settler & a Spanish Peninsular settler from Andalusia (Malaga)

- the Pico Brothers (Pio & Andres) were the children of Mexican settlers (Mestizos & Mulattoes) from Sinaloa & Sonora.

- of the Catholic clergy, Fermin de Lausen (from the Basque Country), Juan Crespi (from Mallorca), & Junipero Serra (also from Mallorca) were Spanish Peninsulares, while Jose Gonzalez Rubio was a Mexican Criollo from Guadalajara (Jalisco).

- of the soldiers, José de la Guerra y Noriega (from Cantarbia) & Jose Maria Estudillo (from Malaga, Andalusia) were both Spanish Peninsulares, & both married Mexican Criollas (Estudillo's wife was from Morelos & Noreiga's wife was born in Los Angeles to parents from Sinaloa & Baja California Sur.

- Another soldier, Agustín V. Zamorano was a Floridano settler who settled in Alta California, who was born in La Florida (St. Augustine) to a Cuban Criolla mother from Havana & a Spanish Peninsular father from Castile & Leon, & his wife was descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Queretaro, Sonora & the Baja California Peninsula.

- Jose Figueroa (who was a governor of Alta California during Mexican rule) was from Guanajuato, & was a Mestizo of Spanish & Aztec ancestry, & his wife was also from Guanajuato, as well as his children.

- Modesta Avila descended from Mexican Criollo settlers from Sinaloa & Baja California, as well as a Native American (her paternal grandmother), likely from the Tongva tribe, making her a Castiza.

- Romualdo Pacheco descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos, along with some Mulattoes) from Guanajuato, Sinaloa, & the Baja California Peninsula.

- Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Los Altos de Jalisco (where his father was from) & Sinaloa (where his maternal grandparents were from), he was my 5th cousin, six times removed.

- Juan Bautista Alvarado was descended from Mexican settlers (mainly Criollos) from Los Altos de Jalisco, Sinaloa, & the Baja California Peninsula, he was my 6th cousin, five times removed.

- Salvio Pacheco was born in Monterey to Mexican settlers from Sonora & Baja California Sur.

- Bernardo Yorba was born in San Diego to a Spanish Peninsular father from Barcelona & a Mexican Criolla mother from Sonora.

- Manuel Dominguez was born to Mexican Criollo settlers from Chihuahua & Baja California Sur.

- Ygancio de Valle was born in Jalisco & immigrated to Alta California in the 1810s.

- Antonio F. Coronel & Augustin Olvera were both born in Mexico City & immigrated to Alta California (Los Angeles) in the 1830s, as a colonist in the Hijar-Padres Colony.

So the Californios descended from Mexicans, not Spanish Peninsulares, despite popular beliefs that Californios are mainly descendants of Spanish Peninsulares, which was very popularized by the fictional character Zorro, & contrary to popular belief, the Californios were very racially diverse.

The Ethnic Ancestry of the Gauchos (🇦🇷 🇺🇾 🇧🇷 🇧🇴 🇨🇱)

The Gauchos are an ethnoregional group in the Southern Cone (mainly in Argentina & Uruguay), but also in the southern part of Bolivia, the south of the Chilean Patagonia, & Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.

They are predominantly a mixture of Spanish (including Basque) & Indigenous (including Charrua & Guarani), their genetic admixture ranges from 5/8 to 15/16 European & 3/8 to 1/16 Indigenous American, with the average being around 3/4 or 7/8 European & 1/4 or 1/8 Indigenous American.

The Genetic Ancestry of Paisa Colombians (🇨🇴)

The Paisas are an ethnoregional group in Colombia, famous Paisas (both real & fictional) include Pablo Escobar (the now-deceased Cartel boss of the Medellin Cartel), Juan Valdez (the infamous character of the Colombian coffee industry, & Alvaro Uribe (former Colombian president.

Colombian Paisas are on average 5/8 to 7/8 European, 1/8 to 3/8 Indigenous American, & 1/64 to 1/8 Sub-Saharan African.

The European admixture among the Paisas includes Spanish (including Extremaduran, Andalusian, Basque, & Canary Islander), as well as Sephardic Jewish (from the Conversos & usually 1/64 or slightly less).

Finding Out Close Relatives (🧬 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦)

I did both the 23andMe & AncestryDNA tests back in 2016, & I found out about some close matches (some of them I already knew about & some I just found out through the test).

On 23andMe:

- On my mother's side, I found a 2nd cousin, once removed, his family also is from Brisenas, Michoacan (where most of my mother's side is from), & we share two surnames Zaragoza & Cervantes, which my great-grandmothers (maternam grandfather's mother) last name was Zaragoza, & my mother said that Cervantes is also another surname on that branch of her family, his biogeographical ancestry is mostly Spanish & Purepecha (around half & half), with a smaller amount of Afro-Mexican, with a trace amount of Sephardic Jewish.

- On my father's side, I found several close relatives, including a 2nd cousin, who I didn't know about, her last name is also Chavez (also my paternal grandmother's surname), so I assumed it came from her side of the family, turns out I was correct, my father (who also did the 23andMe) contacted her, & it turns out she is the biological daughter of one of my fathers maternal cousins, making her my legit 2nd cousin, as her father is my 1st cousin, once removed, & his parent is either my great-uncle or great-aunt, & her & I both share two of the same great-grandparents, her biogeographical ancestry is mostly Spanish & Indigenous Mexican (including Purepecha), with a smaller amount of African, & trace amounts of Romani & possibly Sephardic Jewish.

- Another relative from my father's side, is my 1st cousin, once removed (actually 2nd cousin, or something like that), she is related to both my paternal grandfather & my paternal grandmother, she is the daughter of my fathers maternal cousin & paternal cousin, my paternal grandfather's brother & my maternal grandmother's brother are her grandfather's, so we share four of the same the same great-grandparents, her biogeographical ancestry is slightly over half Spanish, with 3/8 Indigenous (including Purepecha), with smaller amounts of Sephardic Jewish & Afro-Mexican, & possibly very remote Romani ancestry, as well.

- Another relative on my father's side, is my 2nd cousin, her mother is my father's paternal cousin, she also has roots from Puebla & Mexico City, her biogeographical ancestry is mostly Spanish & Indigenous (including Purepecha & Nahua), with smaller amounts of Afro-Mexican & possibly Italian, with possibly a trace amount of Sephardic Jewish & possibly very remote Romani ancestry as well.

On AncestryDNA:

- On my fathers side, My 1st cousin, once (My fathers paternal cousin), she is the sister of my godfather (who is also my fathers paternal cousin), her biogeographical ancestry is around 5/8 European (mainly Spanish, with smaller amounts of Basque & Sephardic Jewish, & possibly Moorish) & 3/8 Indigenous American (including Purepecha), with a small amount of Sub-Saharan African (Afro-Mexican).

- Another relative on my father's side, is my 2nd cousin (her parent is my father's paternal cousin), her biogeographical ancestry is around 1/2 European (mainly Spanish, with smaller amounts of Basque, Sephardic Jewish & Moorish) & 1/2 Indigenous American (including Purepecha), with a smaller amount of Sub-Saharan African.

- Another relative on my father's side, is my 2nd cousin (despite being listed as my 3rd cousin on AncestryDNA), she is the daughter of my godparents (my father's paternal cousin & his wife), her biogeographical ancestry is around 1/2 European (mainly Spanish, with smaller amounts of Basque, Sephardic Jewish, & French) & 1/2 Indigenous American (including Purepecha), with a smaller amount of Sub-Saharan African.

Average Genetic Admixture (🧬) for Admixed Old World Ethnic Groups

From, what I've gathered from 23andMe & AncestryDNA results from Reddit, I've come to find the evidence for the average genetic admixture for some Admixed Ethnic Groups from the "Old World", being Afro-Eurasia, plus Oceania.

- Romani are a blend of European (mainly Balkan), South Asian (mainly North Indian), & Northwestern Asian.

- Sephardic Jews (✡️) are a blend of Southern European (mainly Italian, many times also Iberian), Northwest Asian, North African, & Ashkenazi Jewish.

- Kazakh (🇰🇿) are a mixture of Russian, Mongolian, & Native Central Asian.

- Uzbek (🇺🇿) are predominantly Native Central Asian with some Mongolian & Northwestern Asian admixture.

- Turkmen (🇹🇲), Pamiri, & Tajik (🇹🇯) are a mixture of Northwestern Asian & Native Central Asian.

- Polynesians (🇵🇫 🗿) are predominantly Austronesian with some Melanesian admixture.

- Filipinos (🇵🇭) are predominantly Austronesian with smaller amounts of Chinese & Spanish.

Average Genetic Admixture (🧬) for Admixed Colonial Ethnic Groups

I've gathered evidence from Genetic studies available online, along with 23andMe & AncestryDNA results on Reddit to come out with the average genetic admixture for some Colonial admixed Ethnic groups.

- Afrikaners (🇿🇦 🇳🇱) are predominantly Northwestern European (mainly Dutch) with small amounts of Malay, South Asian, & Khoisan.

- Filipinos (🇵🇭) are predominantly Austronesian with small amounts of Chinese & Spanish.

- Chamorro (🇬🇺) are predominantly Austronesian with some Mexican Mestizo (Spanish & Indigenous Mexican) admixture.

- Mexican Criollos (🇲🇽 🇪🇸) are predominantly Spanish with small amounts of Indigenous Mexican & Sephardic Jewish.

- Cajuns (🇺🇸 🇨🇦 🇫🇷) are predominantly French-Canadian with small amounts of Isleno Spanish, African-American, & Native American or First Nations.

- African-Americans (🇺🇸 🌍) are predominantly Sub-Saharan African with 1/4 to 1/16 European admixture (mainly English) & a small amount of Native American.

- Purepecha Native Americans (🪶 🇲🇽) are predominantly Indigenous Mexican with small amounts of Spanish & Sub-Saharan African.

- Caribbean Criollos (🇵🇷 🇨🇺 🇩🇴 🇪🇸 🇮🇨) are predominantly Spanish (usually Canary Islander) with small amounts of Sub-Saharan African & Taino Native American.

- New Mexican Hispanos (🇺🇸 🇲🇽 🇪🇸 🪶) are mostly Spanish with 1/3 Native American (mainly Pueblo, but also Comanche, Ute, Apache, Navajo, & Indigenous Mexican), along with a small amount of Sephardic Jewish.

The Average Genetic Ancestry of Costa Ricans (🇨🇷) aka "Ticos"

According to 23andMe & AncestryDNA (🧬) results on Reddit, as well as genetic studies, Costa Ricans (🇨🇷) (also known as "Ticos" are on average, mostly Spanish (🇪🇸), with 1/3 or 1/4 Indigenous American (🪶) admixture, with smaller amounts of Sephardic Jewish (✡️) (around 1/32) & Sub-Saharan African (1/64 to 1/10).

The Ethnic Ancestry of Jaliscan Higlanders (🇲🇽)

My paternal grandfather & my great-grandfather (my mother's maternal grandfather) were both from the Jaliscan Highlands (English for Los Altos de Jalisco) a region in the Mexican state of Jalisco, known for its overwhelmingly predominantly European (also known as "Criollo") population, along with charreria, tequila, bullfighting, mariachi music, historic Mexican Colonial architecture, & deep Catholic conservatism.

The Origins of Jaliscan Highlanders can be traced to the Criollo settlers who settled from other Mexican regions such as Michoacan, Zacatecas, Mexico City, Guadalajara, Aguascalientes, & other parts of Mexico, with some settling directly from Spain, mainly in older settlements such as Lagos de Moreno, most of the Jaliscan Highlands was heavily populated in the 1600s & 1700s, with some of the settlers also having Genovese Italian, Portuguese, Sephardic Jewish, Alsatian French, Indigenous (including Purepecha & Mexica/Aztec), & Belgian Flemish.

Jaliscan Highlanders tend be descended from Giovanni Lomellini (a Genovese Italian man who settled in Zacatecas, who's descendants were spread out to the Highlands of Highlands), few conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes (who conquered the Aztec Empire, which lead to the establishment of New Spain), Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (who explored the Southwestern United States, up to present-day Kansas, as well as Pedro Menendez de Aviles (who was the 1st governor of Spanish Florida & the founder of St. Augustine, the oldest white city in what is now the United States), many of them also descend from Moctezuma (who was the last emperor of the Aztec Empire).

The Ethnic Ancestry of Jaliscan Higlanders is predominantly Spanish (🇪🇸) (Basque, Galician, Andalusian, Extremaduran, & Castilian), with 1/4 to 1/32 Native American (🪶) (Purepecha, Aztec, & Chichimeca), along with smaller amounts of Portuguese (🇵🇹), Alastian French (🇫🇷), Genovese Italian (🇮🇹), Belgian Flemish (🇧🇪), & Sephardic Jewish (✡️).